I just found myself in the same situation as the original poster. Just learning Substance Designer with eye toward using outputs in Maya 2017. Followed along with initial tutorials to create the Rusty Metal texture. I got through the three "Creating A Base Material" tutorials and since the third video ends with publishing, I wanted to see what happened when I tried to take the resulting sbsar file into Maya. What happened was nothing. So I went back to the Substance Designer tutorial site and downloaded the exercise file. I opened it in SD and could see that the graph was quite different than the one I had exported. So I published the exercise file and then tried linking Maya to that. It worked fine. Later I found the "Material Blending" tutorials, which seem to be explaining the differences between the exercise files and what I had created following the first three tutorial vids.
So I think my problem was with the file I first published. I'm writing this as a warning for anyone else who, like me and the original poster, has a problem with the sbsar file from the first vids. I see now what to do to troubleshoot that. I'm still not clear whether that one should have worked in Maya, but I have a feeling it's best to follow the Blending videos first.
When I was getting no result, I came to this forum to see if others had the same issue. What anyone reading this now is seeing is a rewrite of my original "me, too" post.
So what did you end up doing to fix it? Like what had you been doing wrong all along? Because, unless there is another big with the plugin in the even new versions, I am getting the same problem with a VERY simple material i created where i only have one expose parameter that I am trying to test out in maya!