The part that's vague is what is considered to be adapted material / derived work.
Yes I agree with you, but imo that vagueness must go to a point where it's reasonable.
Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor.
Keywords are:
- derived from or based upon;
AND
- translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified.
Those two sets of conditions must be all true for this material to be considered "Adapted Material".
So if your substance is inserted in another artwork like a game or a render and if you do not: translate, alter, arrange, transform, or otherwise modify it, you can disregard it as "Adapted Material".
As it would only be "Adapted Material" if all conditions are met you should be able to use one of this substances without a problem in your game.
Now if you want to modify the substance and create a new substance you will fulfil all conditions. Then you cannot sell your substance and you must share it as CC-BY-SA.
Of course, this new substance, can be used in any game, in the same way as above.
Now, of course this is only an opinion and all is still shady. So I stand that it's better to use the "better safe than sorry" moto!
PS: Learning from other people's work is always very useful, but somehow I believe it was not the only intended use for Substance Share.